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Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko have

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embarked on a one-year mission aboard

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the International Space Station to help

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gather more information about how being

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weightless in the space environment

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affects the human body one area of

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particular interest is vision some of

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the station crew members suffer

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diminished vision after a long-duration

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mission and a prime suspect is the shift

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of bodily fluids to the head during a

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mission there's a new experiment known

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as fluid shifts that's looking to

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measure the shift and determine its

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impact on the crew members recently my

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colleague Pat Ryan had spoke with one of

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the co-principal investigators on this

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experiment dr. Michael sting of the

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biomedical sciences branch here at the

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Johnson Space Center in Houston to learn

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about why fluids move to the head when

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you're in space and why that may be

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impacting astronauts vision well on

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earth your your body is designed to pump

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the blood from your lower body from your

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big toe all the way back up to your

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heart and into your brain which is the

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most important organ to perfuse when you

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go into space you know body no longer is

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to fight against gravity to do this so

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if this immediate shift of bodily fluids

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from the lower body up to the upper body

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about two liters of fluid actually shift

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to the upper body which is why you see

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pictures of astronauts with puffy faces

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and engorged veins and their neck and

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this is too much too much fluid and

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upper body and the hypothesis is that in

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your enclosed brain in the skull which

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is a rigid container that this increase

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in volume is leading to an increase in

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intracranial pressure or ICP and this

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increase in pressure is affecting the

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back of the eye there are two holes in

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the front of your school where your

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orbits it and this this increased

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intracranial pressure is flattening the

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back of the eye causing swelling the

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back of the eye and the nerve sheath in

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the back of the eye and ultimately this

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is leading the vision changes because

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the eyeball is not the same shape that's

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one of the reasons yes well so does it

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go back to normal then when they come

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back to earth and the fluid is no longer

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shifting into their heads and most

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astronauts it does and shut in shuttle

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astronauts they experienced these same

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visual changes they carried extra

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glasses to wear on shuttle missions but

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it's only been recently in long-duration

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missions that astronauts have been

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coming back with his visual problems

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that are not recovering and so there's

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probably a length of mission effect here

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that's causing these permanent changes

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so there are permanent changes we need

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to find out what's causing them before

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we spend even longer amounts of time in

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space right now what is your study

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called fluid ships what are you intend

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to find out and how are you going to do

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it so we have three main aims in our

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study the first aim is to fully

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characterize this fluid shift so not

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only the amount of fluid that's gone

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from the lower body to the upper body

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but where this fluid is we're gonna

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measure fluid inside and outside of

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cells we're going to measure fluid blood

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fluid plasma inside the blood vessels

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and how this filters out of the blood

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vessels into the interstitial spaces

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we're going to use ultrasound to assess

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total arterial blood flow and do the

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brain and then examine venous drainage

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out of the brain so we want to fully

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characterize how this fluid is changing

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when you're in space and our hypothesis

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is that different astronauts will have

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individual responses to this and so

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there'll be different varying magnitudes

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of this Hedford fluid shift and

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subsequent redistribution of fluid our

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second aim is then to determine the

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relationship between those changes the

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fluid changes and impact on this visual

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syndrome so we're going to examine

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non-invasive estimates of intracranial

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pressure changes associated spaceflight

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we're going to measure intraocular

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pressure using tonometry we're going to

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examine the shape of the eye using

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ocular sound to look at flattening of

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the back of the eye any swelling of the

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optic nerve sheath there's a really nice

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technology called

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optical coherence tomography which these

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beautiful pictures of the back of the

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eye so we can see swelling of the

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choroid in the back of the eye of the

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retina itself and our hypothesis is that

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the more severe you've had word fluid

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shift that you have the more severe

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these ocular structural and functional

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changes will be and our third aim is

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kind of getting along the lines of this

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individual susceptibility issue we think

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that pre-flight by manipulating fluid

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shifts by changing your posture by

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assessing fluid location you're sitting

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upright and then laying you down then

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then you head down to call the Hydra

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fluid shift and then applying lower body

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negative pressure to cause a foot word

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fluid shift we think that then we can

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determine pre-flight individual

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differences and those responses which

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may predict visual changes in

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spaceflight a susceptibility to the

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syndrome exactly and we also want to

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track astronauts post flight for six

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months to try to understand better these

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mechanisms why some crew members are

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recovering and some are not

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now much of the equipment that you

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described that you want to use is

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already there and being used in a

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related experiment right yes the Oct the

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optical coherence tomography is being

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used an ocular health which is a

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surveillance study we are flying some

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new pieces of hardware some non-invasive

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intracranial pressure measurement

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devices one is called the C CFP and the

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other one is called the DP oae these are

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these are acronyms for for one cerebral

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car clear fluid pressures see CF P DP o

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AE is distortion product otoacoustic

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emissions these are non-invasive

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technologies that estimate changes in

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intracranial pressure by sending a sound

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wave into the ear and there's a there's

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actually a continuous fluid column

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between the inner ear and the brain

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called the cocktail er aqueduct and so

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if there's any changes in brain pressure

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it'll change the shape of the ear the

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inner ear so by sending sound waves and

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and determining the characteristics of

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those sound waves they bounce back we

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can estimate changes in pressure so we

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can estimate that way sitting up then we

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lay down the pressure you brain will go

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up so we'll see that change and then if

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we plan intervention such as lowered by

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a negative pressure perhaps we'll see

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that go back down again you mentioned

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that before to the lower body negative

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pressure suit if you will is a Russian

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piece of hardware that they've been

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using for years how are you plan to make

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use of it so the Russians have this

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device called the chievous it's a lower

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body negative pressure or LB MP suit

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they use it as a post mission

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countermeasure

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to sort of react limit the cosmonauts to

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earth stress so by applying a vacuum to

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the lower body they can in essence suck

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the blood to the lower body as you'd

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experience if you're standing up on

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earth and so this stresses the

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cardiovascular system at the same time

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they're filling a musculoskeletal stress

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they've got suspenders on so they're

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feeling a pressure on the bottom of the

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feed they haven't activate the muscles

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in their legs and they use it to kind of

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reintroduce gravity so to say to

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cosmonauts before

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and they do exercise while wearing yes

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they do we're interested in that that

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suction part of it we're interested to

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see if this could possibly be a

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countermeasure to this head with fluid

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just by vacuuming the fluid back to the

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lower body we're going to assess all

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these same parameters under this lb NP

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stress so we'll look at blood flow to

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the brain will get drainage from the

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brain via the different veins coming out

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of the head and we'll look at pressure

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in the eye and pressure in the brain

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structure of the eye etcetera while

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while in the Russian segment this is a

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somewhat technically challenging portion

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of experiment because the cheapest is on

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the Russian side of the station on the

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far end of the station so we have to

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pack up all of our equipment transported

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to the service module unstow it set it

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up use it and then bring it all back

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again the findings clearly could have

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some impact on astronauts and their

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vision could findings be applicable to

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people on earth to have some kind of

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similar visual be sure absolutely in

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fact their clinicians now that are

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investigating some of these non-invasive

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intracranial pressure devices for

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patients that have elevated intracranial

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pressure such as hydrocephalus patients

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and that'd be great for patients that

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have to measure ICP or inner pressure

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non-invasively as opposed to an invasive

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measures such as a lumbar puncture so it

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definitely could have benefits there be

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very interesting just to see how that

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goes and is this going to be running

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throughout the the year-long mission it

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has the two one-year crew members our

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test subject for this experiment and

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they're the first two so we have eight

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more after them more to come later

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that's great we'll be interested to see

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what results you get thank you for for

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bringing us up to speed on that dr.

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Michael Stanger is the one of the co

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principal investigators of the fluid